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信息系统项目管理师英语题中英文对照复习(十)
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Project Management Process Groups
  项目管理过程组
  This section identifies and describes the five Project Management Process Groups required for any project.These five Process Groups have clear dependencies and are performed in the same sequence on each project.They are independent of application areas or industry focus.Individual Process Groups and individual constituent processes are often iterated prior to completing the project.Constituent processes also can have interactions both within a Process Group and among Process Groups.
  本节识别与说明任何一个项目所必需的5个项目管理过程组。这5个项目管理过程组之间的依赖关系很清楚,对于每一个项目都是按照同样的顺序进行的。它们与应用领域或行业关心的重点无关。各个过程组及其子过程在项目完成之前经常被多次反复。子过程在过程组内或过程组之间也相互作用和影响。
  The symbols for the process flow diagrams are shown in Figure 3-3:
  绘制过程流程图使用的符号如图3-3所示:
  Process Groups
  过程组;
  Processes within the Process Groups
  过程组内的子过程;
  Organizational Process Assets and Enterprise Environmental Factors,shown as inputs to and outputs from the Process Groups,but external to the processes
  组织过程资产和事业环境因素,是过程组的依据和成果,但其存在于子过程之外;
  Arrows or line arrows indicate process or data flow among or within the Process Groups.
  箭头或箭线表示子过程或数据在过程组内或过程组之间的流动。
  Note:Not all process interactions and data flow among the processes are shown in an effort to make the diagrams more readable.
  说明:为使本图易于理解,没有将过程间的所有互相作用和相互影响以及数据流表示出来。 

  The process flow diagram,Figure 3-4,provides an overall summary of the basic flow and interactions among the Process Groups.An individual process may define and constrain how inputs are used to produce outputs for that Process Group.A Process Group includes the constituent project management processes that are linked by the respective inputs and outputs,that is,the result or outcome of one process becomes the input to another.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group,for example,not only monitors and controls the work being done during a Process Group,but also monitors and controls the entire project effort.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group must also provide feedback to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan or to appropriately modify the project management plan.Many additional interactions among the Process Groups are likely.The Process Groups are not project phases.Where large or complex projects may be separated into distinct phases or sub-projects such as feasibility study,concept development,design,prototype,build,test,etc.all of the Process Group processes would normally be repeated for each phase or subproject.
  图3-4中的流程图是过程组之间的基本数据流程和交互作用的粗略概括。其中,某个过程可以定义和制约该过程如何利用依据创造成果。一个过程组包括以各自的依据和成果相互联系的项目管理子过程,也就是说,一个过程的结果或成果变成了另一个过程的依据。例如,监控过程组不仅监视和控制某一过程组正在进行的工作,而且还监视和控制整个项目的成果。监控过程组还必须提供反馈,以便决定是否需要为了使项目符合项目管理计划而实施纠正或预防措施,或者适当地修改项目管理计划。过程组之间也有可能增添许多其他相互关系或相互影响。但是,过程组不是项目阶段。当大项目或复杂项目有可能分解为不同的阶段或者不同的子项目时,如可行性研究、概念推敲、设计、样机或样品、建造、试验等,每一阶段或子项目都要重复过程组的所有子过程。

  The five Process Groups are:
  这5个过程组是:
  Initiating Process Group.Defines and authorizes the project or a project phase.
  启动过程组。确定并核准项目或项目阶段。
  Planning Process Group.Defines and refines objectives,and plans the course of action required to attain the objectives and scope that the project was undertaken to address.
  规划过程组。确定和细化目标,并为实现项目而要达到的目标和完成项目要解决的问题范国而规划必要的行动路线。
  Executing Process Group.Integrates people and other resources to carry out the project management plan for the project.
  执行过程组。将人与其他资源结合为整体实施项目管理计划。
  Monitoring and Controlling Process Group.Regularly measures and monitors progress to identify variances from the project management plan so that corrective action can be taken when necessary to meet project objectives.
  监控过程组。定期测量并监视绩效情况,发现偏离项目管理计划之处,以便在必要时采取纠正措施来实现项目的目标。
  Closing Process Group.Formalizes acceptance of the product,service or result and brings the project or a project phase to an orderly end.
  收尾过程组。正式验收产品、服务或成果,并有条不紊地结束项目或项目阶段。   

Process Flow Diagrams
  过程流程图
  A process flow diagram is provided in each Knowledge Area chapter。The process flow diagram is a summary level depiction of the process inputs and process outputs that flow down through all the processes within a specific Knowledge Area.Although the processes are presented here as discrete elements with well-defined interfaces,in practice they are iterative and can overlap and interact in ways not detailed here.
  介绍知识领域的各章,绘有过程流程图。该流程图直观、概括地展示出具体知识领域所有过程的依据与成果的传递路线与方向。该流程图所表现的这些过程,虽然彼此之间有清楚的界线,互不联系,但实际上,这些过程彼此交叉重叠,以此处无法详细说明的方式相互影响与作用。 
  The symbols for the process flow diagrams are explained in Figure III-1 and depict three types of information:
  图III-1解释过程流程图使用的符号,并直观地说明3种信息:
  1.Knowledge Area processes,their interaction with other processes within the Knowledge Area,and their outputs to Chapter 4 integration processes.
  1.知识领域的各过程及其与本知识领域内其他过程之间的相互影响与相互作用,以及这些过程供第4章各整体过程使用的成果。
  2.Processes external to the Knowledge Area,whose outputs are used as inputs to the Knowledge Area processes under discussion.
  2.知识领域之外的各过程及其供该知识领域当做依据使用的各项成果。
  3.Organizational process assets and enterprise environmental factors are shown as inputs to the first process.
  3.第一个过程的依据都是组织过程资产与事业环境因素。
  The project management plan,and its subsidiary plans and components that are external to the Knowledge Area,are provided as input into the first process of the diagram,and are considered to be available in each subsequent process in their latest updated form.
  知识领域之外的项目管理计划及其分计划与组成部分都表示为流程图第一个过程的依据,并认为以后的各过程都可以在这一依据经过最近的更新之后加以利用。
  The organizational process assets and enterprise environmental factors are shown as inputs to the first process to provide those items of information,policy,and procedure that are external to the project,but can impact the project planning and execution.These assets and factors,plus the external process outputs used as an input to a Knowledge Area process,are also considered to be available in each subsequent process in their latest updated form.
  流程图中组织过程资产与事业环境因素是第一过程的依据,提供属于项目之外但可能影响项目规划与执行的信息、方针与程序。这些过程资产与事业环境因素,以及某一知识领域过程当做依据使用的外部过程成果,也认为以后的各过程都可以在这些成果经过最近的更新之后加以利用。
  The process flow diagram is not detailed and does not show all the possible interfaces with all external processes.It also does not show possible alternate process flow paths or feedback loops among the specific Knowledge Area processes or with processes external to the Knowledge Area.The iterative nature of most projects makes the permutations of the process flows and feedback loops very complex.Therefore,in the interest of keeping the flow diagrams easier to follow,alternate or iterative paths were not included with the diagrams.
  该过程流程图没有经过详细绘制,也没有将同所有外部过程所有可能的交接关系表示出来。该图也没有表示出过程的其他可能流向与路线,或者具体知识领域内各过程或与该知识领域之外过程之间的反馈回路。大多数项目所固有的反复性质,使过程流向、路线与反馈回路的排列、布置与绘制十分棘手。因此,为了便于掌握,流程图中没有表示过程的其他可能流向与路线,及其多次的重复。

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