Project Scope Management
　　项目范围管理
　　Project Scope Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project includes all the work required,and only the work required,to complete the project successfully5.Project scope management is primarily concerned with defining and controlling what is and is not included in the project.
　　项目范围管理是确保项目包括成功完成项目所需的全部工作，但又只包括必须完成的工作的各个过程。它主要关心的是确定与控制那些应该与不应该包括在项目之内的过程。
　　5.1 Scope Planning–creating a project scope management plan that documents how the project scope will be defined,verified,controlled,and how the work breakdown structure（WBS）will be created and defined.
　　5.1 范围规划——制定项目范围管理计划，记载如何确定、核实与控制项目范围，以及如何制定与定义工作分解结构（WBS）。
　　5.2 Scope Definition–developing a detailed project scope statement as the basis for future project decisions.
　　5.2 范围定义——制定详细的项目范围说明书，作为将来项目决策的根据。
　　5.3 Create WBS–subdividing the major project deliverables and project work into smaller,more manageable components.
　　5.3 制作工作分解结构——将项目大的可交付成果与项目工作划分为较小和更易管理的组成部分。
　　5.4 Scope Verification–formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables.
　　5.4 范围核实——正式验收已经完成的项目可交付成果。
　　5.5 Scope Control–controlling changes to the project scope.
　　5.5 范围控制——控制项目范围的变更。
　　These processes interact with each other and with processes in the other Knowledge Areas as well.Each process can involve effort from one or more persons or groups of persons,based on the needs of the project.Each process occurs at least once in every project and occurs in one or more project phases,if the project is divided into phases.Although the processes are presented here as discrete components with well-defined interfaces,in practice they can overlap and interact in ways not detailed here.
　　上述过程不仅彼此之间，而且还与其他知识领域过程交互作用。根据项目需要，每个过程可能涉及一个或多个个人或者集体所付出的努力。每个过程在每个项目或在多阶段项目中的每一阶段至少出现一次。虽然在本章中，过程是以界线分明的单个组成部分分开介绍的，但是在实践中，它们却可能以本章未详细介绍的方式交叉重叠与交互作用。
　　In the project context,the term scope can refer to:
　　就项目而言，范围这一术语可指：
　　Product scope.The features and functions that characterize a product,service,or result.
　　产品范围——产品、服务或成果的特征与功能。
　　Project scope.The work that needs to be accomplished to deliver a product,service,or result with the specified features and functions.
　　项目范围——为提供具有规定特征与功能的产品、服务或成果而需要完成的工作。
　　This chapter focuses on the processes used to manage the project scope.These project scope management processes,and their associated tools and techniques,vary by application area,are usually defined as part of the project life cycle,and are documented in the project scope management plan.The approved detailed project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary are the scope baseline for the project.
　　本章重点是管理项目范围的过程。项目范围管理各过程，以及有关的工具与技术因应用领域而异，通常将其视为项目生命期的一部分，所有这些均记载于项目范围管理计划之中。经过批准的详细项目范围说明书，相应的工作分解结构，以及工作分解结构词汇表是项目的范围基准。
　　A project generally results in a single product,but that product can include subsidiary components,each with its own separate,but interdependent,product scope.For example,a new telephone system would generally include four subsidiary components—hardware,software,training,and implementation.
　　项目所产生的通常是单项产品，但该产品却可包括若干个从属部分，每个部分都具备其单独却又相互依存的产品范围。例如，一个新电话系统通常包括4个从属部分，即硬件、软件、培训和实施。
　　Completion of the project scope is measured against the project management plan,the project scope statement,and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary,but completion of the product scope is measured against the product requirements.Project scope management needs to be well integrated with the other Knowledge Area processes,so that the work of the project will result in delivery of the specified product scope.
　　项目范围是否完成是以项目管理计划、项目范围说明书、相应的工作分解结构，以及工作分解结构词汇表作为衡量标准，而产品范围是否完成则以产品要求作为衡量标准。项目范围管理需要与其他知识领域过程很好地结合，这样才能确保项目工作交付规定的产品范围。

Develop Project Management Plan:Tools and Techniques
　　制定项目管理计划：工具与技术
　　1 Project Management Methodology
　　1 项目管理方法系
　　The project management methodology defines a process,which aids a project management team in developing and controlling changes to the project management plan.
　　项目管理方法系确定了协助项目管理团队制定和控制项目管理计划变更的过程。
　　2 Project Management Information System
　　2 项目管理信息系统
　　The project management information system,an automated system,is used by the project management team to support generation of the project management plan,facilitate feedback as the document is developed,control changes to the project management plan,and release the approved document.
　　项目管理信息系统是一个自动化系统，项目管理团队利用项目管理信息系统制定项目管理计划，在制定项目管理计划时促进反馈，控制项目管理计划的变更，发布批准的项目管理计划。
　　Configuration Management System
　　配置管理系统
　　The configuration management system is a subsystem of the overall project management information system.The system includes the process for submitting proposed changes,tracking systems for reviewing and approving proposed changes,defining approval levels for authorizing changes,and providing a method to validate approved changes.In most application areas,the configuration management system includes the change control system.The configuration management system is also a collection of formal documented procedures used to apply technical and administrative direction and surveillance to:
　　配置管理系统是整个项目管理信息系统的一个子系统。该系统包括的过程用于提交变更建议，追踪变更建议的审查与批准制度，确定变更的批准级别，以及确认批准的变更方法。在大多数应用领域，配置管理系统包含变更控制系统。配置管理系统还是正式形成为文件的程序的全体，用于为下列事项提供技术和行政指导和监督：
　　Identify and document the functional and physical characteristics of a product or component
　　识别产品或组成部分的功能与实体特征并形成文件
　　Control any changes to such characteristics
　　控制上述特征的所有变更
　　Record and report each change and its implementation status
　　记录并报告每一变更及其实施状况
　　Support the audit of the products or components to verify conformance to requirements.
　　辅助产品或组成部分的审查，核实是否符合要求
　　Change Control System
　　变更控制系统
　　The change control system is a collection of formal documented procedures that define how project deliverables and documentation are controlled,changed,and approved.The change control system is a subsystem of the configuration management system.For example,for information technology systems,a change control system can include the specifications（scripts,source code,data definition language,etc.）for each software component.
　　变更控制系统是正式形成文件的过程的全体，用于确定控制、改变和批准项目可交付成果和文件的方式、方法。变更控制系统是配置管理系统的一个子系统。例如，对于信息技术系统而言，变更控制系统可以包括每一软件组件的技术规定说明书（脚本、源代码、数据定义语言等）。
　　3 Expert Judgment
　　3 专家判断
　　Expert judgment is applied to develop technical and management details to be included in the project management plan.
　　在制定应列入项目管理计划中的任何技术与管理细节时都会用到专家判断。