信息系统项目管理师英语复习资料：项目费用管理（中英文对照）知识[3]
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7.2.2 Tools and Techniques for Cost Estimating （费用估算的工具和技术）
.1 Analogous estimating. Analogous estimating, also called top-down estimating,
means using the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating
the cost of the current project. It is frequently used to estimate total project costs when
there is a limited amount of detailed info rmation about the project (e.g., in the early
phases). Analogous estimating is a form of expert judgment (described in Section
7.1.2.1).
.1 类比估算。类比估算也叫自上而下估算，就是利用以前类似的项目费用作为基础估算当前项目的费用。当项目可用信息有限时（如项目的早期阶段），常采用这种方法估算项目总费用。类比估算是专家判断的一种形式（见7.1.2.1节）。
Analogous estimating is generally less costly than other technique s, but it is also
generally less accurate. It is most reliable when (a) the previous projects are similar in
fact and not just in appearance, and (b) the individuals or groups preparing the
estimates have the needed expertise.
类比估算比其它方法便宜，但精度较低。在以下条件下它是可靠的：(a)以前的项目在实质上而不是表面上相似，(b)进行估算的个人或团体有必需的专业技术。
.2 Parametric modeling. Parametric modeling involves using project
characteristics (parameters) in a mathemati cal model to predict project costs. Models
may be simple (residential home construction will cost a certain amount per square
foot of living space) or complex (one model of software development costs uses 13 separate adjustment factors each of which has 5-7 points on it).
.2 参数模型。参数模型法是将项目特点（参数）用数学模型方式来预测项目费用。模型可以是简单的（住宅建设每平方尺居住面积花费多少）或复杂的（软件开发费用的一个模型使用13个单独的调整因子，而每个因子又有5-7 个要素）。
Both the cost and accuracy of parametric models varies widely They are most
likely to be reliable when (a) the historical information used to develop the model was
accurate, (b) the parameters used in the m odel are readily quantifiable, and (c) the
model is scalable (i.e., it works as well for a very large project as for a very small
one).
参数模型法的费用和精度变化很大。它们在以下时候是可靠的：(a)用于开发模型的历史信息是精确的，(b)模型中使用的参数被量化，(c)模型可按比例调整的（就是，大型项目和小型项目同样使用）。
.3 Bottom-up estimating. This technique involves estimating the cost of
individual work items, then summarizing or rolling-up the individual estimates to get
a project total.
.3 自下而上估算。这个技术是先估算各个单位工作的费用，然后汇总单个费用得出项目整个费用。
The cost and accuracy of bottom-up estimating is driven by the size of the
individual work items: smaller work items increase both cost and accuracy The
project management team must weigh the additional accuracy against the additional
cost.
自下而上估算的精度和费用取决于单个工作项目的大小：
.4 Computerized too1s. Computerized tools such as project management
software and spreadsheets are widely used to assist with co st estimating. Such
products can simplify the use of the tools described above an d thereby facilitate rapid
consideration of many costing alternatives.
.4 电脑化工具。项目管理软件和电子表格等电脑化工具广泛用于辅助费用估算。这些产品简化上述工具的使用，提高考虑多种替代方案的速度。
7.2.3 Outputs from Cost Estimating（费用估算的输出）
.1 Cost estimates. Cost estimates are quantitative assessments of the likely costs
of the resources required to complete proj ect activities. They ma y be presented in
summary or in detai1.
.1 费用估算。费用估算是对完成项目工序所需的资源的可能费用的量化估计。它可以表达得很概括或详细。
Costs must be estimated for all resources that will be charged to the project. This
includes, but is not limited to, labor, materials, supplies, and special categories such as
an inflation allowance or cost reserve.
必需对项目上支出的所有资源进行估算。它们包括，但不限于，人力、材料、设备和一些特殊种类，如通货膨胀补贴或费用储备等。
Cost estimates are generally expressed in units of currency (dollars, francs, yen,
etc.) in order to facilitate comparisons both within and across projects. Other units
such as staff hours or staff days may be used, unless doing so will misstate project
costs (e.g., by failing to differentiate among resources with very different costs). In
some cases, estimates will have to be provided using multiple units of measure in
order to facilitate appropriate management control.
费用估算一般以货币单位（美元、法郎、日元等）表示，以便项目内或项目间进行比较。也可以采用其它一些单位，如工日和工时，除非这样做会对费用估算产生误解（比如，错误区分具有很大差别费用的资源）。在某些情况下，估算必需采用多种计量单位以有利于合适的管理控制。
Cost estimates may benefit from being refined during the course of the project to reflect the additional detail available. In some application areas, there are guidelines
for when such refinements should be made and what degree of accuracy is expected.
For example, AACE International has iden tified a progression of five types of
estimates of construction costs during engi neering: order of magnitude, conceptual,
preliminary definitive, and control.
费用估算收益于项目进展过程的细化结果，以便反映有利的辅助细节。在某些应用领域，它们是何时进行这种细化和精确到什么程度的指南。例如，美国国际造价师协会已经定义了工程中建设估算的五种级别：量级估算、概念估算、初步估算、最终估算和控制估算。
.2 Supporting detai1. Supporting detail for the cost estimates should include:
.2 辅助细节。费用估算的辅助细节包括：
z A description of the scope of work es timated. This is often provided by a reference to the WBS.
需要估算的工作范围的描述。它通常由WBS的参考资料提供。
z Documentation of the basis for the estimate, i.e., how it was developed.
估算依据的文档，即估算是如何编制的。
z Documentation of any assumptions made.
任何作做的假定的文档。
z An indication of the range of possible results, for example, $10,000 ±
$l,000 to indicate that the item is expected to cost between $9,000 and
$11,000.
可能结果的范围说明，例如，$10,000 ± $l,000表示该项目的期望费用在$9,000 和$11,000之间。
The amount and type of additional detail varies by application area. Retaining
even rough notes may prove valuable by pr oviding a better understanding of how the
estimate was developed.
辅助细节的数量和类型随应用领域变化。即便保留粗略的资料对更好理解估算的编制过程都被证明是很有价值的。
.3 Cost management plan. The cost management plan describes how cost
variances will be managed (e.g., different re sponses to major problems than to minor
ones). A cost management plan may be formal or informal, highly detailed or broadly
framed based on the needs of the project stake holders. It is a subsid iary element of the
overall project plan (d iscussed in Section 4.1.3.1).
.3 费用管理计划。费用管理计划描述如何管理费用偏差（大问题和小问题的应对措施是不同的）。费用管理计划可以是正式的或非正式的、非常详尽的或粗略的，这取决于项目利害关系者的需要。费用管理计划是整体项目计划（见4.1.3.1 节）的一个辅助要素。
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